Carabanchel Housing

Material of interest: Bamboo louver Properties of material: It\u27s eco-friendly and it\u27s comfortingly cozy. Operating within a severely limited budget.The primary architectural effect of the building is not dependent on the architects vision, but as an effect of the inhabitants choice, as if the facade was a register at any given moment of a cumulative effect of individuals choices.https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bcs/1016/thumbnail.jp

Peptidoglycan Remodeling and Conversion of an Inner Membrane into an Outer Membrane during Sporulation

Two hallmarks of the Firmicute phylum, which includes the Bacilli and Clostridia classes, are their ability to form endospores and their “Gram-positive” single-membraned, thick-cell-wall envelope structure. Acetonema longum is part of a lesser-known family (the Veillonellaceae) of Clostridia that form endospores but that are surprisingly “Gram negative,” possessing both an inner and outer membrane and a thin cell wall. Here, we present macromolecular resolution, 3D electron cryotomographic images of vegetative, sporulating, and germinating A. longum cells showing that during the sporulation process, the inner membrane of the mother cell is inverted and transformed to become the outer membrane of the germinating cell. Peptidoglycan persists throughout, leading to a revised, “continuous” model of its role in the process. Coupled with genomic analyses, these results point to sporulation as a mechanism by which the bacterial outer membrane may have arisen and A. longum as a potential “missing link” between single- and double-membraned bacteria

ADAM8 signaling drives neutrophil migration and ARDS severity

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) results in catastrophic lung failure and has an urgent, unmet need for improved early recognition and therapeutic development. Neutrophil influx is a hallmark of ARDS and is associated with the release of tissue-destructive immune effectors, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and membrane-anchored metalloproteinase disintegrins (ADAMs). Here, we observed using intravital microscopy that Adam8–/– mice had impaired neutrophil transmigration. In mouse pneumonia models, both genetic deletion and pharmacologic inhibition of ADAM8 attenuated neutrophil infiltration and lung injury while improving bacterial containment. Unexpectedly, the alterations of neutrophil function were not attributable to impaired proteolysis but resulted from reduced intracellular interactions of ADAM8 with the actin-based motor molecule Myosin1f that suppressed neutrophil motility. In 2 ARDS cohorts, we analyzed lung fluid proteolytic signatures and identified that ADAM8 activity was positively correlated with disease severity. We propose that in acute inflammatory lung diseases such as pneumonia and ARDS, ADAM8 inhibition might allow fine-tuning of neutrophil responses for therapeutic gain

The function of form

New York515 p.: illus.; 22 c

Farshid Moussavi

In this lecture, Farshid Moussavi will argue that architecturally speaking, politics is about people’s attachment to buildings- how buildings alter what people see, hear and do in and around them. This is not a question that is settled in advance through representation, but has to be evaluated in its irreducible singularity each time. Alongside leading an award-winning architectural practice, Farshid Moussavi Architecture (FMA), she lectures regularly at arts institutions and schools of architecture worldwide and is a published author. Moussavi was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2018 Queen’s Birthday Honours for services to architecture. She was elected a Royal Academician in 2015 and Professor of Architecture at the RA Schools in 2017. Moussavi’s ideas and work are at the forefront of critical debate about architecture. In 2017 she was Architectural curator of the Royal Academy Summer Show where she proposed a highly original approach, showing the internal mechanisms and the construction process that underpins architecture. Her work is deeply rooted in critical research which she carries out through FunctionLab, the research branch of FMA. FunctionLab explores cultural questions that find actualisation in the building commissions of the office, allowing for informed and innovative results. With the influential series of books that Moussavi published with Harvard, The Function of…, she has explored the theory and built history of ornament, form, and style

The function of ornament

188hlm.;bib.;ill

The function of style

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Automatic Projective Model Estimation and Reconstruction in Cryogenic Electron Tomography

In recent years there has been increasing interest in using cryo TEM tomography to study cells in close to their "native" environment. One limitation of this technique is the relatively low signal to noise ratio in each of the TEM images, since the total electron dose through the sample must be constrained to limit structure damage to the cell. Even with gold markers added to the sample, robust automatic alignment of the TEM slice data for reconstruction remains difficult. We have tried to address this problem by leveraging recent work in probabilistic analysis, and have constructed a prototype alignment system using Markov random fields (MRF s) for alignment, and robust optimization methods for projective model estimation. With markers, there are three basic steps required to align the TEM dataset: marker feature identification, correspondence and tracking of these features throughout the image set, and projective model estimation from these feature tracks. In our framework, features are extracted initially using standard template matching techniques like cross correlation. Feature correspondence and tracking is accomplished by constructing a Markov random field (MRF) probabilistic model where contour labels are random variables which take on values of candidate marker feature locations. We use mutual information and the relative geometric positions to estimate a priori marker correspondence probabilities between two images. An approximate probabilistic inference technique called loopy belief propagation (LBP) is then used to calculate the maximum a posteriori assignment of features to contours in the image set. In this technique, rather than a joint distribution (whose complexity is exponential in the number of random variables), a collection of singleton and pairwise distributions is maintained in a special data structure. This data structure contains cycles, and is called a cluster graph. The a priori estimates for these distributions (initial beliefs) are refined by belief propagation, until they converge to roughly the true pairwise distributions (final beliefs). The correspondences of candidate markers to contours are taken directly from these beliefs. Errors in the correspondence are possible due to feature location mistakes as well as inaccurate inference results. Therefore, the projective model estimation uses a robust fitting method as opposed to least squares (the traditionally applied fitting) and is tolerant to outliers. Once we have an estimate of the projective model, the model is iterated using expectation maximization (EM) to re-estimate perceived outliers with improved reprojection data from the current model. This iteration is performed as many times as necessary before a stopping criterion is satisfied, but in our example a small number of iterations is needed (often only one).This robust framework has allowed us to fully automatically recover dozens of contours (both complete and piecewise) with subpixel accuracy from several challenging cryo datasets of bacteria Caulobacter crescentus. The results were used to create 3D reconstructions comparable to results previously obtainable only by extensive manual intervention

Inference of Structure Using LBP

An open question in cell biology is the molecular structure inside cell membranes. Due to recent advances in cryogenic electron tomography, it is possible to see these membranes in their native structure with very low quality. In this work we explore the problem of inferring structure from a noisy observation using graphical models and loopy belief propagation (LBP). The solution is rotation and translation but not scale invariant. It is also tolerant to noise and outliers. We also explore three avenues of improving convergence for difficult datasets: generalized belief propagation, sequential LBP, and the use of larger factors. I